What is Atomic Structure ?
Atomic Strucutre, Particles present in atom
Electron
Electron is a subatomic particle that revolves around the nucleus in the atom. It’s mass is nearly negligible compared to that of the proton and neutron. It is 1/1837 of the mass of a hydrogen atom.
Proton
Like electron it is also a fundamental subatomic particle that present in the nucleus of the atom. It determine e the atomic number of the electron.
Neutron
Along with the proton it constitutes the nucleus. It has no charge and Mass is slightly greater than a proton.
Basis | Electron | Proton | Neutron |
---|---|---|---|
Discoverer | J.J. Thomson | Lord Rutherford | J.Chandwick |
Charge | Negatively Charged Particles (-1.6*10⁻¹⁹) C | Positively charged Particles (1.6*10⁻¹⁹) C | Neutral particles, zero charge |
Mass | 9.1*10⁻³¹ kg | 1.67*10⁻²⁷ kg | 1.674*10⁻²⁷ kg |
Rutherford’s Atomic Model
- The Atom is nearly empty.
- Positive mass (neutron was not discovered till then) is concentrated in a very small space called nucleus inside the atom.
- Electrons revolves around the nucleus at high speed in circular path called orbits.
Niels Bohr’s Atomic Model
Radius of first Bohr orbit is 5.291*10⁻¹¹m.
Energy of the first Bohr orbit is -13.6 eV.
Atomic number (Z)
Atomic number can be defined as the number of proton present in the atom. It is also equal to the number if electrons present in a neutral atom.
Mass Number (A)
Mass number of an element is the sum of the number of protons and number of neutrons that present in the nucleus. eg- Mass number of carbon is 14 and it can be written as C14.
How to find numbers of Electron, protons and neutrons in any given element ?
Some more concept on Atomic Structure Chemistry Notes
Isotopes
Isotopes are the Atoms of same elements having same atomic number but different in mass number. eg – protium(₁H¹), Deuterium(₁H²), Tritium (₁H³) these are the isotopes of hydrogen. Isotopes have similar chemical properties but different physical properties.
Isobars
Atoms of different element having same mass number are called isobars. Physical properties are same in case of isobars, as physical properties depends on mass number. eg- ₁₄S⁴⁰ and ₁₇Cl⁴⁰.
Istones
Atoms of different elements having same number of neutrons but different mass number. eg – ₁₁Na²³, ₁₂Mg²⁴ both have 12 neutrons.
Orbitals
The three-dimensional space, present around the nucleus of an atom, where probability of finding an electron is maximum, is called orbital. Each orbital is associated with a fixed number of electron.
Shell and subshell of an atom
These shells are represented by K, L, M, N, etc symbols. Where energy of shell K < L < M < N.
Each orbit or shell consist of one or more subshell depending upon the three dimensional graphic plot of electronic wave function and the internal atomic composition.
Each subshell is associated with one or more orbitals that are represented by the small letters s, p, d, f respectively.
The maximum number of electron present in s, p, d, f subshell are 2, 6, 10, and 14 respectively.
Quantum numbers
Principal quantum number
It tell us about the energy of the orbital in which the electron is present. It also tell us about the distance of the orbital from the nucleus. It is represented by a positive integer (n). The value of of n increases, distance of the orbital from the nucleus as well as the energy increases.
Azimuthal quantum number (l)
It describe the subshell or angular momentum of the electrons ( shape of the orbital in three dimension). Its value ranges from 0 to (n-1).
Magnetic Quantum number (m)
It determines the direction of an orbital in the space. Its value ranges from -1 to +1 including 0.
Spin quantum numbers
It determine the spin of the electron. There are two possible spins – clockwise and anticlockwise.
Bohr Bury Scheme for Electronic Configuration
- Maximum Number of electron in a shell is given by the formula 2n². Where n = 1, 2, 3,…… For K, L, M, … Shells.
For K shell maximum number of electrons is 2
For L shell maximum number of electrons is 8 (2n²=2*2²=8)
For M shell maximum number of electrons is 18 (2n²=2*3³=18)
- The outermost shell can have maximum of 8 electrons. This rule is also known as octet rule.
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